Micrel
MICRF405
April 2006
22
M9999-041906
(408) 955-1690
VCO
Adr
Data
A6..A0
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D0
0001011 LowBatt_en=1 Freq_Band1=0 Freq_Band0=1 VCO_freq2=0 VCO_freq1=1
VCO_freq0=1 Modulation1=1 Modulation0=0
0010110 INT_LF_TEST=0
VCO_IB2=0
VCO_IB1=0
VCO_IB0=0
VCO_by=0
OUTS2=0
OUTS1=0
OUTS0=0
0011000 VCO_freq_O2
VCO_freq_O1 VCO_freq_O0
VC_HI
VC_LO
LOW_BATT
The VCO has no external components. It oscillates
at 1.8 GHz and is divided by 2, 4 and 6 in the 900
MHz, 450 MHz or 315MHz band respectively. This
divide ratio is controlled by the Freq_Band[1:0] bits,
as shown in Table 12.
FreqBand1 FreqBand0 Comments
0
0
RF frequency 290-325 MHz
0
1
RF frequency 430-490 MHz
1
X
RF frequency 860-980 MHz
Table 12. Frequency Band.
The VCO_IB setting is automatically set when
VCO_IB[2:0]=0. If VCO_IB[2:0] are programmed <>
0, it will overrule the automatic setting. Default and
recommended for automatic settings, is
VCO_IB[2:0]=0 for all frequencies.
The bias bits will optimize the phase noise, and the
frequency bits will control a capacitor bank in the
VCO. The tuning range, the RF frequency versus
varactor voltage, is dependent upon the VCO
frequency setting, and is shown in Figure 10. When
the tuning voltage is in the range from 1.2 to 1.6V,
then the VCO gain is at its maximum, approximately
60-80 MHz/V. It is recommended that the varactor
voltage is kept within this range. Table 15 shows the
recommended settings of VCO_freq and FreqBand
for various frequencies.
To ensure correct settings over variations, a circuit
monitoring the varactor voltage on start up is added.
When the PLL has locked, or after a timeout has
occurred if it doesnt lock, this circuit will control the
varactor voltage. This will be performed if either the
VCO_Fr_Chk or VCO_Fr_Auto bit is set.
VCO_Fr_Chk set will set the interrupts VC_HI, in
case of a too high VCO_freq setting creating a too
high varactor voltage, and VC_LO, in case of a too
low VCO_freq setting creating a too low varactor
voltage. If the VCO_Fr_Auto bit is set, then the
transmitter will, if the varactor voltage is out of range,
change the programmed VCO_freq setting until the
voltage is within the range. A new setting will remain
active as long as power is on, VCO_Fr_Auto is set
and the programmed VCO_freq[2:0] bits are not
altered. The tuned VCO_freq setting of the
automatic tune circuit can be read out in the interrupt
register, VCO_Freq_O[2:0]. If both VCO_Fr_Chk
and VCO_Fr_Auto are set, each step is done by the
automatic tuning circuit that will be flagged with a
VC_LO or VC_HI interrupt. The limits of varactor
voltage used by this control circuit are between
350mV and 350mV below AVDD. The check is
performed when entering TX mode. If
PA_LDc_en=1, the control will also be executed for
each programming creating an internal load pulse
(load_en=1) while staying in TX mode. This means
that when changing frequency, the MICRF405 will
check that the VCO_Freq[2:0] settings are correct
for the new frequency. Refer to Table 13 and Table
14 for further details.
The MICRF405 must be programmed with the
recommended settings for FreqBand and VCOfreq,
as given in Table 15, even if the VCO_Fr_Chk and
VCO_Fr_Auto are enabled. This is needed to give
the VCO the correct starting values.
The VCO can be bypassed by applying a differential
local oscillator (LO) signal to the device on pin
CPOUT and VARIN. A resistor of 18k& to ground
and a series capacitor of 47pF are needed on both
pins for proper biasing. The bit VCO_by must be set
to 1.
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